文 | Helen
文 | Helen
Shortly before starting this article, a timely post from Wayne Kimmel, partner at SeventySix Capital, landed in my inbox: Sovereign wealth funds, private equity firms and global asset managers are allocating meaningful capital to teams, leagues and media rights…Sports is no longer emerging. It’s institutional. And the window for strategic entry is now.
Out of the billionaires' boys' club, elite sports have now attracted a wave of institutional and strategic investors. These include sovereign wealth funds backed by national strategies and substantial resources (i.e. Abu Dhabi United Group and Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund), private equity firms with the expertise to orchestrate cross-industry synergies (i.e. CVC Capital Partners and Silver Lake), and major corporations with deep strategic interests (i.e. Red Bull and Adidas). Among these, private equity has demonstrated the most rapid growth. According to Deloitte's 2026 Global Sports Industry Outlook, private equity transations in the sports sector has nearly quadrupled over the past eight-year period.
展开剩余91%Global PE Investment in Sport Industry (source: Deloitte)
The Capitalization of the Elite Sports Industry
The capitalization of elite sports is primarily reflected in two dimensions: the financialization of club valuation and the securitization of commercial rights.
First of all, the financialization of valuation is hardly a recent phenomenon. Manchester United's listing on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, for instance, subjected the club to public market pricing. The Glazer family's leveraged buyout then introduced a broader array of financial instruments into the club's operations. Subsequently, the gradual opening of capital structures and the entry of institutional investors have further accelerated this trend. Notable investments include the Abu Dhabi United Group-led City Football Group, which has acquired stakes in multiple city-centric clubs including Manchester City FC, New York City FC, and Melbourne City FC. In 2021, Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund acquired an 80% stake in Newcastle United FC. More recently, in 2025, Apollo Global Management agreed to acquire a 55% stake in Atlético de Madrid through a dedicated sports fund vehicle. These value-driven acquisitions extend beyond football. In early 2025, the England and Wales Cricket Board sold majority stakes of the clubs competing in The Hundred to a consortium of Silicon Valley tech entrepreneurs, India-based Sun Group, and US-based Knighthead Capital and many more.
This evolution has brought greater systematization to sport club valuations. Moving beyond total assets and historical performance, valuation models now increasingly incorporate brand value, fan base, predicted sporting performance, and associated potential commercial value.
The second pillar of capitalization lies in the securitization of commercial rights, which future revenue streams, including media rights and commercial sponsorships of clubs, leagues, and even individual athletes, are bundled into tradable assets.
The most emblematic practitioner of this approach is CVC Capital Partners, with its "league-first" strategy. Unlike the club-level equity investments discussed earlier, CVC's model focuses on acquiring a share of commercial rights, including 8.2% of LaLiga's television rights over the next 50 years, and a 13% share of Ligue 1's commercial revenues (through LFP Media) in perpetuity. Following the similar strategy, CVC has also invested in the Six Nations Rugby tournament, the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), and the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) etc.
Beyond leagues, the IP value of star athletes is also being securitized into saleable assets. A case in point is ABG's acquisition of a 55% stake in DB Ventures (David Beckham's brand management company), effectively securitizing his future endorsement income. Similarly, Excel Sports Management, a sports agency backed by Goldman Sachs, operating by aggregating and commercializing the IP of multiple elites, creates a asset pool that securitizes their future commercial income.
At this stage, the investor's exit logic is no longer tied to the appreciation of a club's equity. Instead, value is unlocked by generating predictable and steadily growing cash flows that form commercial assets which can then be traded in secondary markets.
The influx of capital has revitalized elite sports on multiple fronts. Most basically, it provides liquidity that funds infrastructure modernization, technology adoption, player acquisition, marketing, and youth training. Critically, it has served as a lifeline for clubs facing crises. In 2022, FC Barcelona activated financial levers by monetizing a portion of its future broadcasting revenues through Sixth Street Partners. This move created room for player acquisitions, preventing the club from spiraling into a vicious operational cycle. Similarly, Parma Calcio 1913 , an Italian club facing pandemic-induced losses, had its finances stabilized in time through its acquisition by the Krause Group.
More importantly, strategic capital brings in industry expertise and enables portfolio synergies. Following the acquisition by Liberty Media, Formula 1 leveraged the firm's digital media capabilities to launch documentary content, expanded social media engagement, and successfully rejuvenated its audience demographics. Moreover, Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund established SURJ Sporting Investment, investing in streaming platform DAZN and eyeing on fan management tools, to create an integrated ecosystem covering content production to distribution. The Hundred cricket competition, now backed by institutional investors, also aims to leverage its shareholders' footprint in the US and India to enhance international expansion. Additionally, early-stage capital has also increasingly flowed into emerging games and women's competitions, catalyzing their development and diversifying the overall sports ecosystem.
You may have noticed that among the investment cases we've just discussed, the German Bundesliga, one of Europe's top five leagues, appears conspicuously untouched by capital. Does this imply a lack of appeal? Certainly not. In fact, in 2023, the German Football League (DFL) launched a plan to attract private equity investment, which did draw interest from top-tier firms including Blackstone, CVC, EQT, and KKR. However, after protracted negotiations, the plan ultimately fizzled out, due in large part to the fan protest and the constraints imposed by the “50+1” rule.
The Prudent Approach of Germany
Capitalization is not a novel concept for the Bundesliga. As early as 2000, Borussia Dortmund became the first German football club to list on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (ETR: BVB). Even though its healthy asset-liability structure and robust equity ratio provide ample headroom for both debt and equity financing, the club has refrained from the large-scale external capital that is embraced by many European peers. Instead, Dortmund, on one hand, has adopted a GmbH & Co. KGaA legal structure, ensuring the parent association's ongoing management and voting control post-IPO，on the other hand, has welcomed long-standing sponsors like Evonik and Puma as key shareholders, with patient capital that has underpinned their "investment over dividends" strategy nowadays. As the club's fiscal 2024/25 report indicates, despite stable revenue and healthy free cash flow, Dortmund maintains a “deliberately conservative” financial posture. This prudent approach, so distinct from other leagues, is perhaps most vividly articulated in the words of CEO Carsten Cramer: "We are football clubs. They are football companies."
Because it is a "club," the will of its members and fans outweighs the interests of shareholders. Because it is a "club," long-term financial stability takes precedence over short-term commercial profitability. This philosophy extends beyond Dortmund to a Bundesliga-wide consensus, right reflected in the "50+1" rule. The rule mandates that the "parent club" (the registered association or e.V.) holds at least 50% of the voting rights plus one additional vote (50%+1) in the management company of Bundesliga 1 and 2 clubs, ensuring members retain ultimate control over major decisions, even in the presence of outside investors. The "Fan-centered, community-based" ethos is the cultural backbone of German football. The Bundesliga's prudence toward capitalization, therefore, is not a rejection of capital itself, but a steadfast commitment to preserving the cultural core of the game.
Borusseum Fan Gallery ©Helen
One might reasonably ask: if financing is raised against future commercial rights rather than club ownership, does that preserve the decision-making independence? To a certain extent, yes. However, it does not eliminate the structural impact of revenue-sharing on a club's future financial resources, which otherwise could be allocated to team development, infrastructure investment, or youth training. This fueled opposition to the earlier-mentioned DFL's private equity proposal, and to a large degree, reflects the will of the fans.
As Cramer stated: "Coming from the German market, I'm very sure it is the right approach. The Premier League is more business oriented. People, it looks like, do not complain about it, and therefore the Premier League system is probably the right one for the UK. This system could never be copied and pasted onto the German market, because German habits, German mindsets, and German expectations regarding football are different."
Grounded in the community, German clubs have refrained from importing high-profile sporting executives or overhauling institutional structures with external management. Borussia Dortmund's leadership is homegrown: its former sporting director and current sporting manager are both former players of the club. Centered with fans, the Bundesliga maintains accessible ticket pricing (i.e. an cheapest adult ticket at Dortmund costs €18.50, compared to €60 at Real Madrid and £53 at Manchester City), and the club's 240,000 members retain the absolute power to elect its presidential board. Without a championship title in the past 13 years, the community is continuously growing, and Dortmund still retains the highest average attendance in European football.
If you ever experienced Signal Iduna Park on a drizzling winter night, witnessed 80,000 bodies moving as one, flags cutting through the icy air and a wall of sound rising from an open-air cauldron, felt for ninety minutes that the temperature simply ceases to matter amid that visceral and collective fever, something becomes clear: the hidden logic behind their prudence, and the beating heart of what German football refuses to trade away.
Borussia Dortmund Home Game ©Helen
This prudence grants the Bundesliga the freedom to decide solely in the club's best interest, and the stand to protect what binds it to its fans. Of course, this path has its trade-offs, like the rapid overseas expansion that international capital enables, or the ability to land marquee players at premium prices. On both fronts, the Bundesliga has simply chosen a different way.
For internationalization, the Bundesliga started far later than the Premier League. Yet Borussia Dortmund's trajectory over the past 10 to 15 years tells a compelling story. As Cramer explains: "We have offices in Shanghai, Singapore, and New York doing marketing, PR, caring and concerning on the needs of the supporters, developing sponsoring partnerships, trying to connect us to cultural and political institutions, preparing summer tours and games, organizing setups for the extension of the academy on the ground. In every office, it's a mix of local people and Germans." For Dortmund, internationalization is not merely about rapidly accumulating overseas fans or maximizing media rights value. It is, in Cramer's words, about " time and patience”, about “communicating the club's DNA”, and about “telling the people a story around the world, with some success in sports, with some creativity, with some dynamic and emotion".
Today, over 80 million people consume Dortmund's content across digital platforms股票配资网址之家, in which more than two-thirds are outside Germany. International fan clubs have grown from a dozen to over 250. And the metrics like media reach on CCTV and ESPN+ and merchandising sales across borders, are continuously rising.
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